空间可展桁架结构等效动力学模型研究进展与展望

随着航天重大工程的逐步实施，桁架式空间可展结构正朝着大型化、轻量化和多功能等方向发展，该类桁架结构具有周期性、大柔度、构型复杂等特点。为满足大型空间结构的高精度、高可靠性要求，其动力学建模、非线性振动与振动控制等问题越来越复杂且难于处理。因此，大型空间可展结构的等效连续体建模成为研究热点。本文着重介绍大型空间可展桁架结构等效动力学建模的研究现状，综述了等效动力学建模的研究对象、方法及已取得的成果，提炼出等效动力学建模和与之相应的非线性振动与振动控制研究领域中亟待深入研究的关键科学问题。     

石英半球谐振子精密成型技术

石英半球谐振陀螺以其轻质、低功耗、长寿命、高可靠、应用精度范围宽、成本低等优势，引起了惯性技术界的瞩目。半球谐振陀螺的核心器件——石英半球谐振子的成型技术是当前的研究重点。经不断试验和摸索，以范成球面弹性展成为基础，通过均衡磨削原则、磨头最大包络原则和三阶段37道工序的精细优化工艺流程，较好地实现了高精度微应力硬脆石英谐振子异形薄壁件的成型，形成了专用的结构成型中心，为石英半球谐振陀螺的核心半球谐振子球壳成型开创了一条可行途径。     

高动态条件下星点像斑建模与补偿

高动态条件下星点提取有两个难点：一是暗弱星点目标湮没在噪声中不易识别，质心定位精度较差；二是星点像斑可能断裂，无法用常用的连通域算法提取。针对上述难点，本文建立了高动态条件下星点像斑模型，提出了基于该模型的像斑补偿与质心定位提取算法。该方法分为四步：第一，利用卡尔曼滤波实现星点像斑静态模板的实时迭代；第二，基于静态模型与星点运动模糊模型建立星点像斑动态模型；第三，以动态模型作为模板在恒星跟踪窗口内进行相关性匹配以确定星点像斑位置；第四，基于动态模型补偿星点像斑，并计算质心位置。实验结果表明，该方法能有效解决高动态条件下暗弱星点提取与断裂残损星点修复问题。相比传统算法，姿态精度误差均值减少了40.9%，最大误差减少了81.2%；星点提取率达到100%，提高174.5%，提取星数相比阈值分割与连通域法提高了173%。     

Vision-aided inertial navigation for pinpoint planetary landing

Autonomous and safe landing spacecraft on moon and planetary bodies is a rather difficult and risky task. Accurate relative navigation between the spacecraft and the planetary surface is essential, together with the autonomous hazard detection and avoidance. This paper describes the vision-aided inertial navigation (VAIN) scheme to meet the pinpoint landing requirement of the next generation planetary lander. Images of distinctive surface feature called feature points/landmarks are detected and tracked autonomously to improve the performance of inertial navigation. Landmark image information derived from optical navigation camera and the spacecraft state information sensed by IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

PANIC – A surface science package for the in situ characterization of a near-Earth asteroid

This paper presents the results of a mission concept study for an autonomous micro-scale surface lander also referred to as PANIC – the Pico Autonomous Near-Earth Asteroid In Situ Characterizer. The lander is based on the shape of a regular tetrahedron with an edge length of 35 cm, has a total mass of approximately 12 kg and utilizes hopping as a locomotion mechanism in microgravity. PANIC houses four scientific instruments in its proposed baseline configuration which enable the in situ characterization of an asteroid. It is carried by an interplanetary probe to its target and released to the surface after rendezvous. Detailed estimates of all critical subsystem parameters were derived to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept. The study illustrates that a small, simple landing element is a viable alternative to complex traditional lander concepts, adding a significant science return to any near-Earth asteroid (NEA) mission while meeting tight mass budget constraints.     

半球谐振子镀膜残余应力对品质因数影响特性分析

针对半球谐振子表面金属薄膜残余应力分布情况，对半球谐振子Q值的影响特性进行仿真。根据仿真结果，采用多自由度磁控溅射及基底均匀加热的方法进行薄膜沉积工艺试验。控制多自由度旋转机构自传、公转、摆动参数分别为7(r/min)、12(r/min)、15(°)/s，基体均匀加热至120℃，溅射时间26min后得到100nm左右的膜层厚度。在真空状态下对半球谐振子镀膜后品质因数进行检测，结果表明可有效控制镀膜后Q值衰减不大于30%。     

多视场低磁星敏感器及其在磁测卫星中的应用

下一代地磁导航等空间任务对地球磁场测量卫星提出了迫切的需求, 高精度地磁场测量卫星需要极高的姿态测量精度和空间剩磁环境, 对星敏感器提出了新的要求。针对这一需求, 研究了低剩磁高精度星敏感器的改进设计方法。采用三视场分体结构设计,提高了数据更新率,通过数据融合提高了姿态确定精度,同时对光学头部进行了精细化降剩磁设计。仿真和测试结果表明，改进的星敏感器设计方法能够实现较低的剩磁和较高的定姿精度, 满足地磁场测量卫星的应用需求, 具有较高的应用价值。     

一种新型卫星携气瓶推力器喷气时长计算方法

卫星自主编队保持通常采用开环控制模式,需要星载计算机(AOCC)根据推进系统的工作状态实时计算喷气时长。由于AOCC计算能力有限,在携气瓶推力器仿真测试过程中采用的速度增量关机方式不适用于在轨喷气时长的计算。为减小AOCC运算量,提高控制精度,开展了携气瓶推力器的动力学建模仿真,进行了寿命期间的性能分析。针对该时变推力模型,设计了AOCC喷气时长计算方法。通过推力的状态传递和推力预测,构造了以喷气时长为变量的代数方程,并将该方法应用到一组多次喷气情况下的喷气时长计算。仿真结果显示:与以往基于单点测量的推力器喷气时长的计算方法相比,采用该方法计算的喷气时长更接近理论值,能够有效提高卫星自主编队保持的控制精度。     

Attitude control without angular velocity measurement for flexible satellites

In this paper, by using quaternion models, the problem of attitude control is investigated for a class of flexible satellites. Two control laws are presented for the considered flexible satellite models to guarantee convergence of the closed-loop systems without using angular velocity measurement. One is in the form of a partial state feedback for the case where the modal variable is available, and the other is in the form of an observer-based partial state feedback for the case where the modal variable cannot be measured. Finally, an example is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control laws.     

基于观测器的上面级姿控发动机时间滞后补偿控制方法

针对上面级姿控发动机响应延迟导致姿态角速度控制精度下降的问题,建立了系统动力学模型,分析姿控发动机响应延迟对姿态控制的影响,采用Smith预估补偿算法提高系统控制精度,对于理论模型的不确定性,采用鲁棒观测器对姿态发动机输出进行估计。仿真结果表明:所提出的方法可有效减小姿控发动机响应延迟对控制精度的影响,为上面级长期在轨高精度飞行提供技术支撑。